Ahyma Vs. Johnny Love

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Webmistress Barbie Administrator Posts: 221	Ahyma Vs. Johnny Love Oct 1, 2020 22:02:40 GMT -5 Quote Select Post Deselect Post Link to Post Member Give Gift Back to Top Post by Webmistress Barbie on Oct 1, 2020 22:02:40 GMT -5 Singles Match! Standard Rules! 1 RP Limit 4000 Word Limit Please check your word count Via: www.wordcountertool.com/ Deadline: Sunday, October 11th, 2020 at 11:59pm Eastern Good Luck!
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Ahmya
Chaos Wrestlers

Posts: 9

Ahyma Vs. Johnny Love Oct 11, 2020 12:21:00 GMT -5 Dom Strife likes this

Quote

Post by Ahmya on Oct 11, 2020 12:21:00 GMT -5

A split second too late…

The phrase, while often used within the new profession the raven haired woman in the corner found herself a part of, it can be used in many different situations. During her debut she experienced this and now, as she found herself frozen in place, it appears to have struck again. Red covers white, the chill filling the air. Tears streamed down her cheeks, makeup staining her face but she couldn’t speak, couldn’t move. It was too late for all that now. Whether it was a split second decision or one made with careful thought, the end result was the same. She’d have to live with this sight, this scene. All eyes were locked on her and she knew this could be her end if something was not done and fast It took far too long for the next move to be made. Following a scream and a blinding light, she ran, anyone faced with this would naturally. She tried to shake the scene away, phase in and out. Whether it was the past, present, or future, she searched for any other destination. Much like her last few attempts however, she found herself stuck. Footsteps followed closely behind hers, keeping on pace and eventually getting faster than her own. Fatigue and something else were preventing her from racing off at her usual speed. ‘What had happened?’ - A question that circled her mind more than she did her pursuers in an attempt to get them off her trail. She didn’t know how long she had been at it until she started to notice the sky was changing. Night to day, a slow but beautiful looking process. Ducking into an alley on her right, she took some heavy breaths, touching her head as it had been aching this whole time. Lowering her hand she saw it again, red covering white. Sliding her body down against the wall she closed her eyes. It was at this time she heard them. Was she found? Was this it? What happened? - More questions, no answers. See the stars and they will take you. A heavy cry followed, a scream not too far off. She decided to face what was before her with everything she had and opened her eyes.

なに…？

Her eyes darted around, four ways, safe, secure. Somehow she had made it back to her newfound residence. Or perhaps she was simply dreaming. Deciding to approach the mirror, she let out a sigh as she saw a freshly scabbed cut on the top of her head. “This...was not from the match..” Letting out a sigh at the realization that she got lost once again, she opened one of the dresser drawers. In it she found a composition notebook. Opening it, she flipped through the pages in desperation, looking for an answer. Slamming the book on the dresser, she let out an aggravated yell.

“You need to keep track of things better.” Looking into the mirror to see who spoke from behind her, she found nobody there. One thing she did notice was that her reflection wasn’t the same as it was a few seconds before. Shaking away the confusion, she tried to once again skip ahead, or fall behind. “You know that’s not something you can control.” Refusing the voice, the woman growing to be known as Shiori or Ahmya slammed her hands against the dresser. Deep breaths, refocus, now look. Facing herself once again she found the reflection she woke up to and let out a sigh of relief. “They’re going to find out eventually, then you’ll have to run again. You haven’t even made it out of the first chase. Don’t you see this? This isn’t healthy ——” A sharp look to the right found her looking at a very different corner. Blurry sign, loud music, a louder roar of ovation, is she back? Shiori tried to back away from where she was but found several others pulling her forward. Blurry images, all dressed the same, squeaky girlish laughter, more adoration. Something wasn’t right though. She went to speak out but instead of a pleading voice asking for help she choked and out came her voice from another life.

あなたの素晴らしい人々はアンコールを望んでいます！私はあなたにその「あなたへの特別な贈り物」を与えることができると思います。

She couldn’t help shrieking, a bit startled as those around her yell あなたへの特別な贈り物！

Again she closed her eyes, she needed to escape. Anywhere but there and here, anywhere works fine. Getting her wish finally she opened her eyes, no headache, no wound. Her nose was acting up again but that’s manageable. Also she wasn’t exactly sure where she was but from the feeling in her stomach, she knew she ended up on another adventure as she carefully calls them for the sake of others. “No need to be a burden..” she softly whispered as she got up from the sweaty pile. The search for decency began for the millionth time. She took solace in the thought that she at least had somewhere to go, a voluntary purpose.

It took her a few hours to get herself straight enough so she can get back in. Presenting herself the best way she can, all she could do was smile and wish others well. Though she meant it, she wondered deep down if anyone would ever see beyond it. It’s probably best they didn’t though, she can’t even see fully what is there. Taking a seat on the couch after exchanging niceties, she took in a deep breath. “What the hell am I doing?”

“That is something I’d like to know too. You’re hours late again! Do you not understand all we have put into this?! For the company? The brand? You?! Take these and get your head together! We need you ready in five!” Tossing a bottle her way, the silhouette behind the voice vanished, leaving Shiori with the bottle. Startled at the catch, she looked around. She was back in the living room but wasn’t sure where in time she found herself. Not knowing what else to do, she opened the bottle and downed a few of the pills, retreating to her room soon after. Perhaps some sleep will help bring her back down to Earth with everyone else who seems normal enough, if she’s lucky in getting any rest.

Heavy eyelids, heavier than usual, begin to flutter a bit before opening. Shiori took her time looking around. She smiled as she realized she was in her room. Getting up from the bed she looked at her reflection in the mirror. She was wearing something different than she last remembered. Now there was that familiar level of uncertainty which brought forth a frown. “Why can’t I just stay here for a while? Let me stay.”

Looking down despondently now, she let out a sigh. As her eyes returned to meet her reflection once again, Shiori was shocked to find not the mirror but a camera. Was it that time again already? How much time had passed between then and now? Forward, backwards or in between? Shaking her head, she did her best to regain her composure before potentially beginning. “I’ll start this in a simple but meaningful way, at least meaningful to me. When things don’t begin the way originally envisioned, it’s up to you to do all you can to fix the image to more of your liking. If you keep allowing circumstances to dictate the pace, you’ll never gain any type of control or peace. With that said, I’ll admit that my debut didn’t go according to plan. Now I accomplished a goal of showcasing my skills, getting some eyes on me and letting those who had any questions that I am here to stay. The victory however, went to someone else. I’m not the type to withhold applause for such a petty reason. So to Kat I give a bow. Just don’t think that I won’t have more tricks up my sleeve next time to make sure the result will see my hand raised.” Giving a quick wink to the camera, the presence of Ahmya was in full effect now.

“However, that is something to come in due time. Right now my focus is on giving another wonderful display of my talents but this go around, leaving no room for anyone else to take the final spotlight away from me. Chaos 100 is an incredibly important show featuring several matches that have such an emotional build. So in order to get eyes on me despite the disadvantage, in order to get people talking about me amidst the mayhem, I have to give an incredible showing, I have to be dominant. Now while I hate for this to be at the expense of someone like Johnny Love who I find entertaining, the cards drawn can not be denied so I do what I must for the sake of my future.”

Shrugging her shoulders, Ahmya thought over how to proceed. Normally she would take the time to do a verbal dissection but she didn’t feel the desire to do so. She was genuine in what she said when it comes to Johnny and she also feels as though her talking should be done in the ring this time. Honestly she was surprised by the fact that she hasn’t had another moment where she shifted. Noticing there was too long of a pause, Ahmya gave a little laugh to ease the awkward aura before moving on. “Such a pity indeed. I find myself torn at this moment. Now I could ramble on, discuss new techniques I’ve been working on since my first match. I could also lend my vocals to the verbal barrage against Johnny before I take him down physically. I feel like that whole talking bit is what got me in trouble in the first place. Focusing so much on trying to get into the heads of my opponents, inserting myself into the equation as a spoiler, that in a way revealed too much and allowed for the win to be taken away from me. I don’t want to make the same mistake twice, I can’t afford to at this point. So I’m contemplating foregoing the whole smack talk, the whole hinting at how I will go about things and just making it happen. I’d ask you all what you would do in this situation but by the time you come to a decisive answer, I’ll have already had the match.”

Giving a bit of a giggle, Ahmya made sure to follow up such a statement with a cute smile so the masses knew what she said was in jest. While not as hung up on their opinion as she would like them to believe, she realizes their importance in the equation and for the sake of her growing career, she needs to be able to invoke true emotion from them. Presently considering the company and those other representatives, she feels it best to have the reaction be positive overall. That may change over time, who knows. ”Now of course I kid, you should know that I value all of you dearly, if not by here then by the…” Ahmya hushed herself before she could complete her thought. She was so confident in what she was going to say but it made no sense, it was something she didn’t recall. Could it have been a lost gem? Perhaps just a story to instill an extra sense of companionship? Though she wanted to take her time in figuring this one out, she knew she had to wrap things up, get her final message across and return to her sad attempt at preparing for this huge event.

”Nevermind that for now. What is important is the show and it is one where I will give a thrilling performance, securing my first victory here in Carnage Wrestling before I move onward and upward. There is so much to do and my career is quite young. I just hope that you all enjoy the ride as much as I do because we’re going to be at this for quite a while. Make sure to take plenty of notes along the way, it’s always best to have a record of great moments. Until then…” Blowing a kiss, Ahmya gave her farewell before the feed cut.

As she turned the camera off following the promo she’d eventually send out to the company, she took a seat back on the couch, rubbing her temples to try and remove the headache that has started to overtake her mind. Heavy eyes, no. She can’t give into that. With so much to be done, she needed to stay. Another living room, a blonde sitting across from her with a smile. A chill, standing on a rooftop with a different camera watching her. Back in the darkness, eyes staring at her from above. The room, sitting up on the bed. Everything is going by so fast that Shiori can not keep up. The headache remains, it’s the only constant now. The throbbing, it needs to stop. She needs to stay. She needs to rest. Are those bars? Blinking a few times, her vision was confirmed and she couldn’t help letting out a sigh. “How the hell do I get out of this one?”

Havoc Helper
Havoc Helper

Hamburger Helper

Posts: 54

Ahyma Vs. Johnny Love Oct 11, 2020 20:47:30 GMT -5

Quote

Post by Havoc Helper on Oct 11, 2020 20:47:30 GMT -5

grshshdhfhhfhfhhhh!!!!!!!

JOHNNY LOVE

the last time we saw Johnny Love, he was getting kicked in the dick by Justin Case. Well, Justin case is just fucking fired so good fucking riddance. this is going to worst. i reccomendnot reading anymore. im justgoing tostart not hitgins random keys all

and making all the worst errors". possible

sO anyway. you ever wonder why people do this. like what the fuck is their problem?

okay okay, you're still here huh?

anyway, johnny love got to call to face ahyma, and trust me this is because I'M 100 PERCENT STUPID BUT i feel like i'm not typing her name right. here's johnny love, he's a rockstar and he plays...air guitars

Johnny Love: "neil diamond sucks and so does ahyma, i'm gonna rock and roll mcdonalds all over your face beeyotttttch".

fade.
here is the economics of nigeria that i just copy and pasted from a site. i literally stole this.
The Nigerian economy is one of the largest in Africa. Since the late 1960s it has been based primarily on the petroleum industry. A series of world oil price increases from 1973 produced rapid economic growth in transportation, construction, manufacturing, and government services. Because this led to a great influx of rural people into the larger urban centres, agricultural production stagnated to such an extent that cash crops such as palm oil, peanuts (groundnuts), and cotton were no longer significant export commodities. In addition, from about 1975 Nigeria was forced to import such basic commodities as rice and cassava for domestic consumption. This system worked well as long as revenues from petroleum remained constant, but since the late 1970s the agricultural sector has been in continuing crisis because of the fluctuating world oil market and the country’s rapid population growth. Although much of the population remained engaged in farming, too little food was produced, requiring increasingly costly imports. The various governments (most of them military-run) have dealt with this problem by banning agricultural imports and by focusing, albeit briefly, on various agricultural and indigenization plans.

In the late 1990s the government began to privatize many state-run enterprises—especially in communications, power, and transportation—in order to enhance the quality of service and reduce dependence on the government. Most of the enterprises had been successfully privatized by the beginning of the 21st century, but a few remained in government hands.

At the turn of the 21st century, Nigeria continued to face an unsteady revenue flow, which the government attempted to counter by borrowing from international sources, introducing various austerity measures, or doing both at the same time. As a result, an ever-increasing share of the national budget was needed for debt repayment, which, with corruption dominating government operations, meant that very little of Nigeria’s income was being spent on the people and their needs. The country benefited from a 2005 debt-relief plan by which the majority of its debt to a group of creditor countries known as the Paris Club would be forgiven once it had repaid a certain amount. Nigeria successfully met this condition in 2006, becoming the first African country to settle its debt with the group. Nigeria entered a recession in 2016, partly because of falling global oil prices, but saw progress with recovery within the next couple of years. (For information on the role women have played in Nigeria’s economy and culture, see Sidebar: The Role of Nigerian Women.)

Agriculture, forestry, and fishing
Nigeria has no shortage of arable land overall, but there is an extreme shortage of farmland in the most densely settled areas of the southeastern states and around Kano, Katsina, and Sokoto. This has forced large numbers of Igbo, Ibibio, and Hausa people to migrate to other parts of the country. Often, however, cultural traditions, such as the prohibition against selling family land, have restricted access to farmland in some localities that appear to have abundant cultivable land, and, in the far north, desertification has severely limited the land area available for cultivation.

Roughly between one-fifth to one-half of all Nigerians obtain a living from agricultural production. Most are small-scale subsistence farmers who produce only a little surplus for sale and who derive additional income from one or more cash crops and from the sale of local crafts. Because the soil is not totally amenable to mechanized equipment, the hoe and matchet (machete) continue to be the dominant farm implements. The shortage of farmland in some localities and limited access to land in others are among the factors that restrict the size of farmland cultivated per family. Environmental deterioration, inferior storage facilities, a poor transport system, and a lack of investment capital contribute to low productivity and general stagnation in agriculture. With the population growing rapidly and urbanization accelerating, the food deficit continues to worsen despite government efforts to rectify the situation.

Root crops—notably yams, taro, and cassava—are the main food crops in the south, while grains and legumes—such as sorghum, millet, cowpeas, and corn (maize)—are the staple crops of the drier north. Rice is also an important domestic crop. Trees—notably oil palm, cacao, and rubber trees—are the principal industrial crops of the south, while peanuts (groundnuts) and cotton are produced in the north. Small-scale farmers dominate the production of industrial crops, as they do with staple food crops. Cocoa beans, from the cacao tree, are the major agricultural export; production of other industrial crops has declined, owing to the general stagnation in agriculture.

A woman removes the husks from grains of millet near Maradi, Nigeria.
A woman removes the husks from grains of millet near Maradi, Nigeria.
Daniel Berehulak—Reportage/Getty Images
In 1982, in the first major step taken to halt the decline in industrial crop production, the government disbanded the produce marketing boards, which paid prices set by the government. Many farmers have since been motivated to cultivate tree crops, and the federal and state governments have established plantations of oil palm, rubber, and cacao. Programs to alleviate the food shortage have featured the direct purchase and distribution of foodstuffs by government agencies and the production by government parastatals of various staples on large commercial farms. The Operation Feed the Nation program of 1976–80 sought to increase local food production and thereby reduce imports. Citizens were encouraged to cultivate any empty plot of land, urban dwellers being encouraged to garden undeveloped building plots.

The raising of sheep, pigs, and goats was underdeveloped at the beginning of the 21st century. The cattle-herding Fulani are still the main beef producers, although some of the cattle under the care of these nomads belong to settled farmers and city dwellers. However, the level of meat consumption in Nigeria, as in most African countries, does not approach that of the West.

Nigeria’s permanent forest reserves occupy less than one-tenth of the total land area. Outside these reserves, much of the forest cover has been destroyed through regular burning to prepare land for farming or to facilitate hunting. Forest destruction is most extensive in the more densely settled areas, such as the Niger delta, and in the drier savanna, where overgrazing, bush fires, and the great demand for fuelwood prevent normal regeneration of plants on fallow land. There are many large plantations of exotic species, such as gmelina and teak, established by the government to provide electric and telegraph poles and fuelwood. In the arid zone of Sokoto, Kano, and Borno states, forest belts have been established to help arrest the southward advance of the Sahara. Forest plantations have been established in many watersheds to protect water catchment areas of rivers and to reduce the incidence of soil erosion.

Fishing has assumed greater importance as a food source following the loss of thousands of head of livestock during the recurring drought in the Sahel since the early 1970s. The domestic catch supplies more than half of the fish demand. Lake Chad and the southern coastal waters are the main sources of fish, but large quantities are caught every year in pools in seasonal rivers of the northern states.

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Resources and power
Nigeria has a variety of both renewable and nonrenewable resources, some of which have not yet been effectively tapped. Solar energy, probably the most extensive of the underutilized renewable resources, is likely to remain untapped for some time.

Witness the catastrophe caused by oil spills in the Niger Delta of Nigeria
Witness the catastrophe caused by oil spills in the Niger Delta of Nigeria
Overview of the oil spills that have plagued the Niger delta of Nigeria.
Contunico © ZDF Enterprises GmbH, Mainz
See all videos for this article
Resource extraction is the most important sector of the economy. The most economically valuable minerals are crude oil, natural gas, coal, tin, and columbite (an iron-bearing mineral that accompanies tin). Petroleum, first discovered in 1956, is the most important source of government revenue and foreign exchange. Most of the oil output comes from onshore fields in the Niger delta, although an increasing proportion of the crude is produced at offshore locations. There are oil refineries at Port Harcourt, Warri, and Kaduna. Nigeria has been a member of OPEC since 1971.

Offshore oil rig near Port Harcourt, Nigeria.
Offshore oil rig near Port Harcourt, Nigeria.
Walter Weiss/Ostman Agency
There are vast reserves of natural gas, but most of the gas produced is a by-product of crude oil. In the past this was burned off, as there was no market for it, but production has since increased, and Nigeria became a globally ranked exporter of this commodity. Production has often been interrupted by protests, as the inhabitants of the oil-producing regions have demanded a larger share of the revenues.

Nigeria possesses significant reserves of coal, but these deposits are being developed gradually. Coal is used by the railroad, by traditional metal industries, and by power plants to generate electricity. Coal mining, initially concentrated around the city of Enugu and its environs, began in 1915. It declined after the late 1950s with the discovery of oil but subsequently increased. Substantial coal reserves of varying quality can be found in south-central states in a band that stretches from Benin to Cameroon. Deposits discovered more recently in the southwestern part of the country at Lafia-Obi are being developed for the Ajaokuta steel complex.

The Jos Plateau, where tin mining began in 1905, also contains columbite. By the early 21st century, the country’s tin-smelting capacity had not been reached, a result of diminished world demand in the late 1980s; production of columbite has also declined since the mid-1970s. There are iron ore deposits in the Lokoja area, and limestone occurs in many areas, where it is widely exploited for manufacturing cement and for use in the steel industry. Extensive iron ore deposits found in Kwara state have been exploited since 1984. Other mined minerals include gypsum, kaolin, barite, gold, sapphires, topazes, and aquamarines. There are also uranium deposits in the country.

About one-fifth of the country’s power is provided by hydroelectricity, although this source has the potential to provide an even greater amount of power. The main sources of hydroelectric power are the dams at Kainji, Shiroro (Niger state), and Jebba (Kwara state). Thermal plants fired with natural gas and coal supply about four-fifths of the country’s power and include those at Afam, Sapele, and Lagos and on the Oji River. Demand, however, always exceeds supply. Fuelwood (firewood and charcoal) is still an important energy source for domestic use.

Manufacturing
The federal government has established such capital-intensive industries as steel mills, pulp and paper mills, petrochemical plants, and an aluminum smelter. In the past, large-scale manufacturing—dominated by the production of textiles, tobacco, beverages, and cement—was controlled by foreign investors. The government’s indigenization efforts have altered the ownership situation, although the management and effective control of most large factories have remained in the hands of expatriate representatives of multinational corporations. The greatest weakness of this sector has been its dependence on imported raw materials. That situation changed in 1987, when the import of a wide range of raw materials was prohibited, although the ban was later rescinded. Even so, imports were subject to some restrictions at the beginning of the 21st century, and manufacturers were encouraged to use raw materials from local sources. The highest concentration of large factories is in the Greater Lagos area. Each state capital has a number of large manufacturing industries, but a few major industries, such as paper mills and steel mills, are located in remote areas where new towns have grown up to serve the factories.

Traditional industries carried out in homes or in makeshift workshops include the making of iron implements such as hoes and hatchets, door hinges, bolts, and dane guns (firearms of obsolete design, originally of European manufacture). Traditional soap- and salt-making workshops appeared in large numbers after the near collapse of the Nigerian economy in 1983, when most wage earners were unable to pay for factory-made soap and imported table salt. These industries continued after the economy recovered, but they were concentrated in rural areas. Pottery making and wood carving are widespread, as are canework and the making of bags and mats from raffia.

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Finance
The Central Bank of Nigeria issues the national currency, the naira, which has been devalued several times since 1980. The Central Bank has branches in all the state capitals and provides guidelines to all commercial and merchant banks in the country. In 1976 all foreign banks were compelled to sell 60 percent of their shares to Nigerians. Banks proliferated in the 1980s, after the financial sector was liberalized. Many of these banks proved unstable, however, and in 1995 the government was forced to rescue some of them. Soon after, the government began privatizing banks and closing those that had violated banking regulations. By the beginning of the 21st century, the country had some 100 banks and financial institutions, and branch locations were widespread. There are a stock exchange and a securities exchange commission in Lagos.

Trade
The direction of domestic trade in staple foods is largely north-south between different ecological zones but also between major urban centres in the southeast and southwest. The southern states supply plantains, cassava, kola nuts, and fruit to the northern states, which in turn supply beans, onions, and livestock to the southern states. Yams from the central region are traded in the southern and far northern cities. Most of the food items and manufactured goods are sold in open market stalls, in small neighbourhood shops, and on the streets.

The main markets for Nigerian exports—consisting mostly of crude oil, cocoa beans, and rubber—include India, the United States, and the countries of the European Union (EU). The main imports are machinery and transport equipment, manufactured goods (iron and steel products, textiles, and paper products), chemicals, and food, most of which come from the EU, China, and the United States.

At independence Nigeria had accumulated a trade deficit, which resulted from the importation of large quantities of machinery and equipment. By the late 1960s it had a trade surplus, as revenue from crude oil exports allowed the country to import capital goods and industrial raw materials. Trade deficits returned in the mid-1970s. Since then Nigeria’s balance of trade has alternated between periods of deficits and of surpluses, driven by fluctuations in the global oil market and government decisions on how to spend its money. A trade surplus in 1980, for example, allowed work to continue on the new federal capital-designate, Abuja, but by 1982 the surplus had become a deficit, and at the end of 1983 the country was virtually bankrupt. At the beginning of the 21st century, exports were greater than imports, but the interest on the country’s external debt was so high that a truly favourable balance of trade (as opposed to one that existed on paper only) hinged at least partly on the effectiveness of debt relief.

Services
Nigeria has many attractions of interest to tourists. There are miles of coastal beaches, wildlife reserves, a variety of cultures, and many museums that house artistic treasures. However, the many decades Nigeria spent under military rule created a repressive environment not well suited to the tourist. Since the installation of the democratically elected government in 1999, the country has faced periods of ethnic violence, also not conducive to attracting a tourist clientele. Nevertheless, more than two million people visited the country annually in the first decade of the 21st century; within the next decade, that figure increased to more than four million.

Labour and taxation
Nigeria has a long history of labour movements and contains numerous unions. Under the various military governments, labour activity was sharply curtailed. After the democratic elections in 1999, however, labour movements were once again able to express their discontent, and various strikes took place at the end of the 20th century and into the beginning of the 21st.

In the southern part of Nigeria, women perform the majority of the agricultural labour, and, in cities such as Lagos, women dominate the market activity as well. No legal barriers exclude women from universities and professions, particularly in the south. However, women in northern states, especially those following Islamic law (Sharīʿah), have their activities more tightly controlled.

The main sources of government finance consist of petroleum royalties and rents, import duties, and corporate income and value-added taxes.

Transportation and telecommunications
Roads
Roads are the most important means of transportation in Nigeria, carrying more than four-fifths of all passenger and freight traffic. The general pattern of road transport, from north to south and from the interior to the southern seaports, dates to the colonial period, when raw materials were shipped to Britain and other western European countries, which returned them as finished goods. More roads were added, particularly in the 1970s and early ’80s.

Road traffic is heaviest in densely settled areas and where there is greater economic activity, such as in the cacao belt of southwestern Nigeria, the peanut and cotton belt of the Kano-Katsina region, the Jos Plateau tin fields, and the palm belt of southeastern Nigeria. These areas are served by a dense network of all-weather roads. Areas that are more sparsely settled or not as economically productive tend to have a less-developed road network.

Because the well-developed road system of the 1970s and ’80s was not maintained, road conditions have deteriorated, leading to dangerous conditions and longer travel times. Road safety standards also are poor; the accident rate is high. The government created a Road Sector Development Team in 2009 to coordinate repairs and improvements to the country’s road network.

Lagos and other large cities have notorious traffic problems; streets are packed with both pedestrians and vehicles that create traffic tie-ups called “go slows.” To ease the traffic problems, people often share taxis or ride in trucks.

Railroads
Now surpassed by roads, railroads were once the dominant transport system. The railroad system has two single-track trunk lines: the eastern line from Port Harcourt to Maiduguri and the western line from Lagos to Kano. Branch lines connect the western trunk line to Kaura Namoda, Nguru, and Baro on the Niger. Since 1960 tracks have been relaid with heavier rails to permit greater loads and higher speeds, signals have been improved to speed rail movements, and steam engines have been replaced by diesel locomotives. Beginning in the 1990s, there was expansion of the railway system, including the laying of new track between Warri and Ajaokuta and the addition of mass transit lines between Lagos and several cities to the west. An ambitious 25-year plan unveiled in the 2000s saw continued efforts to improve and expand the railway system, including a new line from Abuja to Kaduna that was inaugurated in 2016. A light rail system began operating in Abuja in 2018.

Shipping and air transport
Creeks and rivers were historically the primary avenue of transportation. The most important waterways, the Niger and Benue, were dredged in the 1990s because they were drying up; they still carry substantial quantities of goods. The Cross River is used to ship exports to the port at Calabar, but, like other rivers in Nigeria, it is not navigable during the dry season. Passenger and cargo boats operate on the lagoons and on the many creeks along the Nigerian coast from Lagos to the Cross River. Delta Ports (in Warri), Calabar, and Port Harcourt, administered by the Nigerian Ports Authority, are the main international seaports. The Lagos port complex (including the Apapa port) and nearby Tin Can Island port complex are also important. Bonny and Burutu are the major ports for shipment of petroleum.

Almost all the state capitals are served by air transport. Lagos, Kano, Abuja, and Port Harcourt handle most of the international air traffic. At the beginning of the 21st century, Nigeria had a notoriously poor aviation safety record, but it has since improved.

Telecommunications
Mobile phone service has expanded considerably more quickly than landline telephone service. Although telephone lines have existed in the major cities since the late 1970s, service was expensive and inadequate and was often cut off for no apparent reason; their use has declined. Use of cellular phones, on the other hand, has spread steadily since the late 1990s. Internet service began to expand rapidly at the beginning of the 21st century.

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Government And Society
Constitutional framework
Under the 1999 constitution, executive power is vested in a president who serves as both the head of state and the chief executive, is directly elected to a four-year term, and nominates the vice president and members of the cabinet. The constitution provides for a bicameral National Assembly, which consists of the House of Representatives and the Senate. Each state elects 10 members to the House of Representatives for four-year terms; members of the Senate—three from each state and one from the Federal Capital Territory—also are elected to four-year terms.

Nigeria: National Assembly
Nigeria: National Assembly
National Assembly building, Abuja, Nigeria.
Shiraz Chaker

Local government
There are two tiers of government—state and local—below the federal level. The functions of the government at the local level were usurped by the state government until 1988, when the federal government decided to fund local government organizations directly and allowed them for the first time to function effectively.

Nigeria is divided into 36 states and the Federal Capital Territory, where the country’s capital, Abuja, is located; the constitution also includes a provision that more states can be created as needed. At independence the country was divided into three regions: Northern, Eastern, and Western. The Mid-West region was created out of the Western region in 1963. In 1967 Col. Yakubu Gowon, then the military leader, turned the regions into 12 states: 6 in the north, 3 in the east, and 3 in the west. Gen. Murtala Mohammed created an additional 7 states in 1976. Gen. Ibrahim Babangida created 11 more states—2 in 1987 and 9 in 1991—for a total of 30. In 1996 Gen. Sani Abacha added 6 more states.

Nigeria administrative boundaries in 1996
Nigeria administrative boundaries in 1996
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

Justice
The Nigerian legal and judicial system contains three codes of law: customary law, Nigerian statute law (following English law), and Sharīʿah (Islamic law). Customary laws, administered by native, or customary, courts, are usually presided over by traditional rulers, who generally hear cases about family problems such as divorce. Kadis (judges) apply Sharīʿah based on the Maliki Islamic code. Since 1999, several states have instituted Sharīʿah law. Although the states claim that the law applies only to Muslims, the minority non-Muslim population argues that it is affected by the law as well. Christian women, for example, must ride on female-only buses, and some states have banned females from participating in sports.

Nigerian statute law includes much of the British colonial legislation, most of which has been revised. State legislatures may pass laws on matters that are not part of the Exclusive Legislative List, which includes such areas as defense, foreign policy, and mining—all of which are the province of the federal government. Federal law prevails whenever federal legislation conflicts with state legislation. In addition to Nigerian statutes, English law is used in the magistrates’ and all higher courts. Each state has a High Court, which is presided over by a chief judge. The Supreme Court, headed by the chief justice of Nigeria, is the highest court.

Political process
The constitution grants all citizens at least 18 years of age the right to vote. The Action Group (AG) and the Northern People’s Congress (NPC) were the major Nigerian parties when the country became independent in 1960. However, their regional rather than national focus—the AG represented the west, the NPC the north, and the National Council for Nigeria and the Cameroons the east—ultimately contributed to the outbreak of civil war by the mid-1960s and more than 20 years of military rule. Political parties were allowed briefly in 1993 and again starting from 1998, but only parties with national rather than regional representation were legal, such as the newly created People’s Democratic Party (PDP), the Alliance for Democracy, and the All Nigeria People’s Party. Since then, many other parties have been created, most notably the All Progressives Congress (APC), the All Progressives Grand Alliance (APGA), and the Labour Party.

Women have participated in the government since the colonial period, especially in the south. Their political strength is rooted in the precolonial traditions among particular ethnic groups, such as the Igbo, which gave women the power to correct excessive male behaviour (known as “sitting on a man”). Igbo women, showing their strength, rioted in 1929 when they believed colonial officials were going to levy taxes on women. Yoruba market women exercised significant economic power, controlling the markets in such Yoruba cities as Lagos and Ibadan. Some ethnic groups, such as the Edo who constituted the kingdom of Benin, also gave important political power to women; the mother of the oba (king) played an important part in the precolonial state. Women such as Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti (the mother of the musician Fela and human rights activist and physician Beko) actively participated in the colonial struggle, and several women have held ministerial positions in the government. Although Nigerian women may wield influence and political power, particularly at the familial and local level, this has not always been reflected at the federal level: in the early 21st century, women made up about 5 percent of the House of Representatives and the Senate. (For more information on the historical role of women in Nigerian politics and culture, see Sidebar: Nigerian Women.)

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Security
The Nigeria Police Force, established by the federal constitution, is headed by the inspector general of police, who is appointed by the president. The general inefficiency of the force is attributable in part to the low level of education and the low morale of police recruits, who are poorly housed and very poorly paid, and to the lack of modern equipment. Corruption is widespread.

The federal military includes army, navy, and air force contingents. Nigerian troops have participated in missions sponsored by the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) Monitoring Group (ECOMOG) and by the United Nations (UN).

Nigeria: soldiers
Nigeria: soldiers
Nigerian soldiers marching in Abuja, Nigeria, in October 2010, during 50th anniversary celebrations of Nigerian independence.
Sunday Alamba/AP
Health and welfare
The concentration of people in the cities has created enormous sanitary problems, particularly improper sewage disposal, water shortages, and poor drainage. Large heaps of domestic refuse spill across narrow streets, causing traffic delays, while the dumping of garbage along streambeds constitutes a major health hazard and has contributed to the floods that have often plagued Ibadan, Lagos, and other cities during the rainy season. Lower respiratory infections, diarrheal diseases, malaria, and HIV/AIDS are among the leading causes of death. The Nigeria Centre for Disease Control was established in 2011 to support public health.

Health conditions are particularly poor in the shantytown suburbs of Greater Lagos and other large cities, where domestic water supplies are obtained from wells that are often polluted by seepage from pit latrines. Rural communities also suffer from inadequate or impure water supplies. Some villagers have to walk as far as 6 miles (10 km) to the nearest water point—usually a stream. Because people wash clothes, bathe, and fish (sometimes using fish poison) in the same streams, the water drawn by people in villages farther downstream is often polluted. During the rainy season, wayside pits containing rainwater, often dug close to residential areas, are the main source of domestic water supplies. Cattle are often watered in the shallower pools, and this contributes to the high incidence of intestinal diseases and guinea worm in many rural areas.

Medical and health services are the responsibility of all levels of government. There are hospitals in the large cities and towns. Most of the state capitals have specialized hospitals, and many are home to a university teaching hospital. There are numerous private hospitals, clinics, and maternity centres. Medical services are inadequate in many parts of the country, however, because of shortages of medical personnel, modern equipment, and supplies.

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